High-sugar diets raise heart disease risk in healthy people

A groundbreaking study has found that just 3 months on a high-sugar diet alters fat metabolism in such a way that it may cause even healthy people to raise their risk of heart disease.

Researchers find that consuming too much sugar can alter the fat metabolism of a healthy person to raise their risk of heart disease.
The study suggests that the liver deals with fat differently on a high-sugar diet than it does on a low-sugar diet.

The researchers, led by a team from the University of Surrey in the United Kingdom, describe their findings in the journal Clinical Science.

They report how otherwise healthy men had higher levels of fat in their blood and liver after consuming a high-sugar diet for 12 weeks.

They also found that the men's fat metabolism bore similarities to that of people who have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition that develops when fat builds up in the liver.

"Our findings provide new evidence that consuming high amounts of sugar can alter your fat metabolism in ways that could increase your risk of cardiovascular disease," comments Bruce Griffin, a professor of nutritional metabolism at the University of Surrey.

NAFLD raises heart risk
Estimates suggest that NAFLD affects 30 to 40 percent of adults in the United States. It is more common in people who have obesity and type 2 diabetes.

Although NAFLD most often develops in adults, there is evidence to suggest that it affects nearly 10 percent of children in the U.S. aged between 2 and 19.

There is also evidence to suggest that NAFLD can increase people's risk of cardiovascular disease, which is also known as heart and blood vessel disease or simply heart disease.

Cardiovascular disease is mainly associated with atherosclerosis, a condition that develops when a fatty deposit called plaque builds up in the linings of blood vessels and restricts blood flow. This can lead to a blood clot that blocks the vessel, resulting in a heart attack or stroke.

Around 92.1 million adults in the U.S. have "some form of cardiovascular disease" or are living with the after-effects of stroke.

Changes to fat metabolism
In the new study, 11 men with NAFLD and 14 healthy men were fed one of two diets, a high-sugar diet or a low-sugar diet, for 12 weeks.

Both had the same amount of daily calories, except that in the high-sugar diet, sugar accounted for 26 percent of total calories, whereas in the low-sugar diet it accounted for 6 percent.

The study was designed as a "randomized cross-over," which means that each participant followed first one diet and then the other, and that the order in which they followed them was randomly assigned.

The team wanted to find out whether the amount of fat in the liver affects how sugar consumption influences cardiovascular health. The liver plays an important role in fat metabolism, or the process through which fats are transported and broken down for use in cells throughout the body.

The researchers compared changes in various biomarkers of fat metabolism, including lipids and cholesterol in the blood, in the two groups as they followed the two diets.

They found that, after 12 weeks on the high-sugar diet, the men with NAFLD showed changes in fat metabolism that have been linked to a raised risk of heart disease.

It was also found that, after the high-sugar diet, the healthy men - whose livers had previously shown a low level of fat - had higher levels of fat in the liver, and their fat metabolism also resembled that of the men with NAFLD.

The researchers note that while most adults are unlikely to consume the amount of sugar in the study's high-sugar diet, some children and teenagers may actually consume this amount due to their high intake of sugar-sweetened drinks and candy.

"This raises concern for the future health of the younger population, especially in view of the alarmingly high prevalence of NAFLD in children and teenagers, and exponential rise of fatal liver disease in adults."

"Prof. Bruce Griffin"

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Added sugar: What you need to know

Sugar is a simple, edible, crystalline carbohydrate that comes in many different forms. All variations have a sweet flavor.
The main types of sugar are sucrose, lactose, and fructose. Common table sugar is typically sucrose, which is extracted from cane or beets.

Sugar is added to many foods and drinks to sweeten the flavor. However, it should be consumed in small amounts as too much can lead to ongoing health problems, including diabetes and heart issues.

Contents of this article:

What is in sugar?
Types
Sugars in the diet
Health risks
What is in sugar?

Sucrose, or table sugar, is made from glucose and fructose. Glucose is found in many different types of carbohydrates like grains, fruit, and vegetables. Fruit, vegetables, and honey contain fructose, while milk has lactose.

These base units of the common sugars are known as saccharides. The smallest are monosaccharides, which consist of a single unit. These include:

- glucose
- fructose
- galactose

Glucose is often referred to as blood sugar, as it is the type of sugar found circulating in our blood. Galactose is contained in milk. Both fructose and sucrose can be found in fruit.

The other primary category of sugars is disaccharides. These are made of a combination of two or more monosaccharides, for example:

- sucrose, also known as table sugar = glucose + fructose
- lactose, also known as milk sugar = glucose + galactose
- maltose = glucose + glucose

When people talk about "sugar," they often mean table sugar, or sucrose, whereas "sugars" refers to the whole group of saccharides.

Types

White sugar.
White sugar consists of 99.95 percent sucrose, and its varying types are often due to crystal size.

There are different types of specialty white sugars:

Superfine or bar sugar: the crystals are very small and dissolve easily.
Confectioner's or powdered sugar: extremely fine, dust-like crystals.
Sugar cubes: lumps of sugar crystals stuck together with sugar syrup.
Coarse sugar: the crystals are especially large and resistant to breakdown at cooking temperature.
Nutritional value of white sugar per 100 grams (g), or 3.5 ounces:
- Energy 1,619 kilojoules (387 kilocalories)
- Carbohydrates 99.98 g
- Sugars 99.91 g
- Dietary fiber 0 g
- Fat 0 g
- Protein 0 g
- Water 0.03 g
- Riboflavin (Vit. B2) 0.019 milligrams (mg)
- Calcium 1 mg
- Iron 0.01 mg
- Potassium 2 mg (0 percent)
- Brown sugar

Unlike white sugar, brown sugar contains molasses. Molasses is the raw juice from the extraction process which draws the sugar from the cane or beet. As a result of the naturally occurring minerals from the molasses, it contains slightly more nutritional value than white sugar.

Among the many types and styles of brown sugar, the main two are:

Sticky brown sugar contains a heavier concentration of molasses that make it denser and sticker.
Free-flowing brown sugar consists of finely granulated sugars that do not stick together and therefore "flow" like white sugar.

Nutritional value of brown sugar per 100g (3.5oz):
- Energy - 1,576 kJ (377 kcal)
- Carbohydrates - 97.33 g
- Sugars - 96.21 g
- Dietary fiber - 0 g
- Fat - 0 g
- Protein - 0 g
- Water - 1.77 g
- Thiamine (Vit. B1) - 0.008 mg
- Riboflavin (Vit. B2) - 0.007 mg
- Niacin (Vit. B3) - 0.082 mg
- Vitamin B6 - 0.026 mg
- Folate (Vit. B9) - 1 microgram (μg)
- Calcium - 85 mg
- Iron - 1.91 mg
- Magnesium - 29 mg
- Phosphorus - 22 mg
- Potassium - 346 mg
- Sodium - 39 mg
- Zinc - 0.18 mg

Liquid sugars and syrups: some made of pure sucrose are commonly used in food processing to add flavor and color. Golden syrup is made by breaking down the disaccharide sucrose to its constituent sugars - glucose and fructose - a process called inversion. Inversion helps prevent crystallization during storage. Treacle is made from molasses.

Sugars in the diet

Brown sugar is an alternative to white sugar and contains natural molasses.
Dietary sugar, or the sugar that we eat, can be naturally occurring, such as fructose in fruit or lactose in milk.

Added sugars are those we put on our food or in our drinks before eating, as well as sugars and syrups that have been added to foods in processing and preparation.

Foods with added sugars include sodas, candy, cakes, cookies, pies, fruit drinks, desserts, dairy products, breakfast cereals, and processed foods.

It is recommended to look carefully for added sugars in the ingredients listed on the packaging. These may be included under several names, many ending with the letters -ose, such as:

- maltose
- high fructose corn syrup
- molasses
- cane sugar
- corn sweetener
- raw sugar
- syrup, honey
- fruit juice concentrates
- Recommended intake

According to the American Heart Foundation, women should consume no more than 100 calories from added sugars per day, and men at most 150 calories per day.

Added sugars should make up no more than 5 percent of our daily energy intake.

Health risks
Added sugar supplies no extra nutritional value to a meal, and our bodies do not need it to function. It serves only to add calories to our daily energy intake, and unused calories are turned into fat and extra weight.

Excessive intake of added sugars can lead to obesity and its associated health risks like Type 2 diabetes and high blood pressure.


People with diabetes do not need to cut sugar from their diets completely, but some careful moderation is required.
Sugar also has a corrosive effect on the teeth and can cause tooth decay and gum disease.

Diabetics can consume sugar, but people with diabetes are recommended to consume no more than 25 g daily. This is half the recommended amount for those without diabetes.

As exercise uses the excess calories generated by added sugar, its intake is less harmful, though still not advisable, as part of a balanced diet and active lifestyle.

An overview of the sugar content of popular foods can be found in the article, How much sugar is in your food?

How much sugar is in your food and drink?

Modern life is so fast-paced that it can be difficult to keep a healthy balance of nutrients in the food you eat. Sugar is one of these nutrients, and the cells in the body would die without it.
Consuming too much sugar, however, raises the risk of several dangerous health problems, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, increased pressure on the heart and blood vessels, and dental decay.

It is estimated that the average person in the United States consumes around 19.5 teaspoons, or 82 grams (g) of sugar, per day. That is over double the amount recommended by the American Heart Association (AHA), which is 9 teaspoons per day for men and 6 teaspoons for women.

To keep control of sugar levels, it can be helpful to know just how much sugar is in the most widely-available foods. This MNT Knowledge Center article is a one-stop resource listing the sugar content for a range of both processed and natural foods that people in the U.S. eat every day.

Fast facts on sugar content
Men should eat no more than 9 teaspoons of sugar per day and women no more than 6.
Chocolate bars, sweet cereals, and soda often contain high levels of added sugar.
Fruits contain natural sugars that are less harmful than the sugar found in processed food.
Regularly consuming too much sugar increases the risk of heart disease, diabetes, and obesity.
What is sugar?

Sugar is a sweet addition to food that can cause serious health problems when consumed in excess over an extended period.
Sugar is a simple carbohydrate that belongs to a class of chemically related sweet-tasting substances. It is available in many different forms.

The three main types of sugar are sucrose, lactose, and fructose.

Even though cells need glucose to survive, consuming too much can cause health problems.

The AHA says that added sugars contribute zero nutrients and are empty calories "that can lead to extra pounds, or even obesity, thereby reducing heart health."

Being aware of the existing and added sugar content in foods and drinks is vital to overall health. So many products have sugar added to them that, in the modern food market, people must take extra steps to avoid consuming more than the recommended amount.

In March 2015, the World Health Organization (WHO) published new guidelines recommending that adults and children reduce their intake of added sugars to less than 10 percent of their total energy intake. A further reduction to below 5 percent is associated with additional health benefits.

The term "free sugars" refers to any glucose, fructose, and sucrose added to foods and drinks, as well as the sugars that occur naturally in syrups, honey, and fruit juice. The term does not apply to the natural sugars found in fresh fruit, vegetables, or milk because there is no evidence linking these sugars to health problems.

A single teaspoon of sugar is around 4 g. The AHA recommendation for daily added sugar intake, 6 teaspoons for women and 9 teaspoons for men, is equal to 24 g and 36 g of added sugar, respectively.

Below are some common everyday foods and drinks, listed with their sugar content.

This aims to give guidance when making dietary choices. The sugar content of some of the following items may be higher than expected.

Chocolate bars
While there are less harmful chocolate options, such as dark or raw chocolate, there is a wide range of chocolate bars available on the market and the sugar content varies between brands and products.

- Snickers bar (57 g): 5.83 teaspoons of sugar
- Milky Way bar (58 g): 7.02 teaspoons of sugar
- 3 Musketeers bar (60 g): 8.14 teaspoons of sugar
- Butterfinger bar (60 g): 5.58 teaspoons of sugar
- Dove chocolate bar (37 g): 4.16 teaspoons of sugar
- Hershey's Milk Chocolate bar (43 g): 4.87 teaspoons of sugar
- Twix bar (57 g): 5.68 teaspoons of sugar
- Milk chocolate M&M's packet (42 g): 5.68 teaspoons of sugar.
- Milk chocolate M&M's packet (42 g): 5.68 teaspoons of sugar


Soft drinks
Drinking fizzy, sugary beverages can end up contributing most of your daily sugar intake.

- Coca-Cola (one can, 330 ml): 7.25 teaspoons of sugar
- Red Bull (one can): 5.35 teaspoons of sugar
- Sprite (one can): 7.61 teaspoons of sugar
- Old Jamaica Ginger Beer (one can): 10.18 teaspoons of sugar

A study published in Circulation, the journal of the AHA, identified a link between drinking more than one can of soda a day and an increased risk of developing heart disease and diabetes.

Can fish oils and omega-3 oils benefit our health?

Fast facts on fish oils
Here are some key points about fish oils. More supporting information is in the main article.

Fish oils contain omega-3 fatty acids and vitamins A and D.
Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils may protect the heart and offer other health benefits, but research results have been mixed.
Eating fish is a better way of getting fish oil or omega 3 than taking supplements.
What are omega-3 fatty acids?

Oily fish is a good source of omega-3 oil, but what are the benefits?
Omega-3 fatty acids are fats commonly found in plants and marine life.

Two types are plentiful in oily fish:

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA): The best-known omega-3 fatty acid, EPA helps the body synthesize chemicals involved in blood clotting and inflammation (prostaglandin-3, thromboxane-2, and leukotriene-5). Fish obtain EPA from the algae that they eat.

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA): In humans, this omega-3 fatty acid is a key part of sperm, the retina, a part of the eye, and the cerebral cortex, a part of the brain.

DHA is present throughout the body, especially in the brain, the eyes and the heart. It is also present in breast milk.

Health benefits
Some studies have concluded that fish oil and omega-3 fatty acid is beneficial for health, but others have not. It has been linked to a number of conditions.

Multiple sclerosis

Fish oils are said to help people with multiple sclerosis (MS) due to its protective effects on the brain and the nervous system. However, at least one study concluded that they have no benefit.

Prostate cancer

One study found that fish oils, alongside a low-fat diet, may reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer. However, another study linked higher omega-3 levels to a higher risk of aggressive prostate cancer.

Research published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute suggested that a high fish oil intake raises the risk of high-grade prostate cancer by 71 percent, and all prostate cancers by 43 percent.

Post-partum depression

Consuming fish oils during pregnancy may reduce the risk of post-partum depression. Researchers advise that eating fish with a high level of omega 3 two or three times a week may be beneficial. Food sources are recommended, rather than supplements, as they also provide protein and minerals.

Mental health benefits

An 8-week pilot study carried out in 2007 suggested that fish oils may help young people with behavioral problems, especially those with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

The study demonstrated that children who consumed between 8 and 16 grams (g) of EPA and DHA per day, showed significant improvements in their behavior, as rated by their parents and the psychiatrist working with them.

Memory benefits

Omega-3 fatty acid intake can help improve working memory in healthy young adults, according to research reported in the journal PLoS One.

However, another study indicated that high levels of omega-3 do not prevent cognitive decline in older women.

Heart and cardiovascular benefits

Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oils may protect the heart during times of mental stress.

Findings published in the American Journal of Physiology suggested that people who took fish oil supplements for longer than 1 month had better cardiovascular function during mentally stressful tests.

In 2012, researchers noted that fish oil, through its anti-inflammatory properties, appears to help stabilize atherosclerotic lesions.

Meanwhile, a review of 20 studies involving almost 70,000 people, found "no compelling evidence" linking fish oil supplements to a lower risk of heart attack, stroke, or early death.

People with stents in their heart who took two blood-thinning drugs as well as omega-3 fatty acids were found in one study to have a lower risk of heart attack compared with those not taking fish oils.

The AHA recommend eating fish, and especially oily fish, at least twice a week, to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.

Alzheimer's disease

For many years, it was thought that regular fish oil consumption may help prevent Alzheimer's disease. However, a major study in 2010 found that fish oils were no better than a placebo at preventing Alzheimer's.

Meanwhile, a study published in Neurology in 2007 reported that a diet high in fish, omega-3 oils, fruit, and vegetables reduced the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's.

Vision loss

Adequate dietary consumption of DHA protects people from age-related vision loss, Canadian researchers reported in the journal Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science.

Epilepsy

A 2014 study published in the Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry claims that people with epilepsy could have fewer seizures if they consumed low doses of omega-3 fish oil every day.

Schizophrenia and psychotic disorders

Omega-3 fatty acids found in fish oil may help reduce the risk of psychosis.

Findings published in Nature Communications details how a 12-week intervention with omega-3 supplements substantially reduced the long-term risk of developing psychotic disorders.

Health fetal development

Omega-3 consumption may help boost fetal cognitive and motor development. In 2008, scientists found that omega-3 consumption during the last 3 months of pregnancy may improve sensory, cognitive, and motor development in the fetus.

Foods
The fillets of oily fish contain up to 30 percent oil, but this figure varies. White fish, such as cod, contains high concentrations of oil in the liver but less oil overall. Oily fish that are rich in omega-3 fatty acids include anchovies, herring, sardines, salmon, trout, and mackerel.

Other animal sources of omega-3 fatty acids are eggs, especially those with "high in omega-3" written on the shell.

Can beets tackle Alzheimer's at its root?

Alzheimer's disease is characterized by beta-amyloid plaques in the brain that disrupt the normal functioning of neurons. Could a common vegetal pigment provide the fix?
beets
A pigment found in beets may lead the way to better Alzheimer's drugs, new research suggests.
The most prominent physiological characteristic of Alzheimer's disease is the over-accumulation of clusters of amino acids called amyloid beta in the brain.

These clusters may sometimes come together into even larger formations, known as beta-amyloid plaques.

When too many groupings of beta-amyloid are able to "pile up" in the brain, it disrupts the normal signaling between neurons. Beta-amyloid groupings also trigger the nervous system's inflammatory response, which has been linked with the progression of this condition.

But what if some of these physiological processes could be slowed down thanks to a common substance found in a widely available root vegetable?

Researchers from the University of South Florida in Tampa have experimented with a compound called betanin, which is the pigment that gives beets their dark red color.

Li-June Ming, Darrell Cole Cerrato, and their colleagues explain that this vegetal pigment interacts with amyloid beta, preventing some of the processes that may have harmful effects on the brain.

The results of the team's research were presented this week at the 255th National Meeting & Exposition of the American Chemical Society, held in New Orleans, LA.


Betanin may prevent oxidation
A study published last year in The Journals of Gerontology Series A showed that drinking beetroot juice before aerobic exercise made the aging brain look younger by increasing blood flow to the brain and regulating the circulation of oxygen.

Intrigued by this and similar research, Ming and team decided to see whether betanin, commonly found in these root vegetables, could be used to prevent amyloid beta from forming into clusters that impacted communication between brain cells.

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Studies show that the aggregation of amyloid beta into harmful clusters is often dependent on their interaction with metal molecules — especially those of zinc and copper — in the brain.

When such clusters do form, the researchers of the new study explain, amyloid beta facilitates brain inflammation and the oxidation of neurons, which results in irreparable damage to these brain cells.

Ming and colleagues decided to see whether adding betanin into the chemical mix could disrupt the process of aggregation and prevent the harm.


To do so, they conducted a series of laboratory experiments in which they monitored the activity of amyloid beta in different contexts using 3,5-Di-tert-butylcatechol (DTBC), a compound that allows researchers to observe the process of oxidation.

By employing ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, the researchers then observed whether and under what circumstances amyloid beta was able to oxidize DTBC. Unsurprisingly, they saw that amyloid beta on its own did not produce much oxidative damage — but when it bound to copper molecules, the oxidation was considerable.

However, in a further experiment that added betanin to the mix, Ming and colleagues saw that the pigment reduced the amount of oxidation caused by amyloid beta by up to 90 percent.

Such a discovery prompted the researchers to hypothesize that the beet-derived compound may be a good place to look for better Alzheimer's drugs.

"Our data suggest that betanin, a compound in beet extract, shows some promise as an inhibitor of certain chemical reactions in the brain that are involved in the progression of Alzheimer's disease," says Ming.


"This is just a first step, but we hope that our findings will encourage other scientists to look for structures similar to betanin that could be used to synthesize drugs that could make life a bit easier for those who suffer from this disease."

Li-June Ming
While the scientists are wary of claiming that the beet-derived compound may prevent Alzheimer's entirely, they do suggest that it may provide the key to tackling its physiological roots.

"We can't say that betanin stops the misfolding [of amyloid beta] completely, but we can say that it reduces oxidation," explains Cerrato.

"Less oxidation," he continues, "could prevent misfolding to a certain degree, perhaps even to the point that it slows the aggregation of beta-amyloid peptides, which is believed to be the ultimate cause of Alzheimer's.

Why do I have red diarrhea? Six causes:

Table of contents
A healthy stool is usually solid, soft, and brown. While diarrhea is unpleasant, it is not usually a sign of something serious. Red or bloody diarrhea, however, may be a sign of an underlying health problem.
Diarrhea occurs when digested food material and water pass through the intestines too quickly. Instead of having time to form a solid mass, the material passes through in a liquid form.

Red diarrhea may be alarming, but stool color can help a person determine the cause of their symptoms. In this article, we look at the possible causes and treatment, as well as what other stool colors mean.

Causes
beetroot may cause red diarrhea
Red foods, including beets, may be a cause of red diarrhea.
Six causes of red diarrhea:

 Dysentery: Diarrhea with blood is called dysentery. The most common causes of dysentery are Shigella bacteria or Entamoeba histolytica, a type of parasite. These can cause severe infections that inflame the intestines enough to result in bleeding.
 Red foods: Foods that are naturally red or contain red food coloring can turn the stool red. Red diarrhea might occur if the food that a person eats causes food poisoning or irritates the stomach. Foods that can turn stool red include beets, cranberries, red candy, red frosting, red licorice, tomatoes, and tomato sauce.
 Gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding: A range of conditions can result in GI bleeding, including colon polyps, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or gastric cancer. These conditions can cause significant blood loss that may turn diarrhea red.
 Hemorrhoids: Hemorrhoids are swollen blood vessels that occur inside the rectum and anus. They are a common cause of rectal bleeding and red diarrhea.
 Medications: The side effects of some medications may cause red stool. They can also irritate the stomach and potentially lead to diarrhea. Medications that cause red stools include liquid antibiotics.
 Anal fissure: Sometimes a scratch in the rectal area called an anal fissure can cause the stool to appear bloody. In this case, it may only be a small amount of bright red blood.
Other stool colors
Looking at stool color can often help a person determine what is causing their gastrointestinal symptoms.

Stool can come in a range of colors and have a variety of causes:

Black stools: Tarry, black stools or stools the consistency of coffee grounds can indicate potential gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Black diarrhea can sometimes point to an upper GI bleed because the blood has had more time to travel through the GI tract and darken. Certain foods, such as licorice or high quantities of grape juice, may also turn stool black.
Green stools: Green stools may be due to the presence of bile in the stool. Taking iron supplements can also cause stool to become dark green.
Pale stools: Pale or clay-colored stools may indicate stones in the bile duct that empty from the gallbladder. If a person observes dark urine as well, this is a further sign that the gallbladder or liver could be the underlying cause. Some antacids that contain aluminum hydroxide can also cause pale stools.
Yellowish, greasy stool: Yellow stool may be a sign of an infection or a malabsorption disorder, such as celiac disease.
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Treatment
woman sipping water may help as a treatment for diarrhea
Frequently sipping water may help prevent dehydration caused by diarrhea.
When a person has diarrhea, they can lose a significant amount of fluid via their stool. When this happens, a person can become dehydrated.

A person should drink small sips of water or an electrolyte-replacement beverage regularly to help replace the lost water.

Diarrhea is often a way in which the body gets rid of an unwanted virus. Instead of prescribing medications that would slow the intestines and cause the body to retain the bacteria for longer, doctors may encourage a person to allow the diarrhea to run its course.

However, prolonged diarrhea may require additional treatments, such as intravenous fluids and medications to reduce cramping in the bowels.

In more severe cases of dysentery, a person may be given antibiotics or amoebicidal medications, or both if the exact cause is unknown.

If a person's red diarrhea is due to GI bleeding, they may require a blood transfusion until the body can produce more blood. This procedure takes place in the hospital, and the person will need to remain there until their blood count is within a normal range.

If a person thinks red diarrhea is due to their medication, they should speak to a doctor about possible alternatives.

Prevention
If red diarrhea is the result of dysentery or infection, a person can take steps to prevent it in the future.

Ways to help prevent red diarrhea include:

Thoroughly cleaning all food preparation areas.
Cooking foods thoroughly, as raw foods are more likely to carry Shigella bacteria.
Drinking bottled or boiled water when traveling to a foreign country.
Avoiding sexual contact with a person with an active shigellosis infection or who has recently been ill with the Shigella virus.
Not swallowing water used for recreational purposes, such as water from a lake or river.
Washing hands frequently with soap and water, especially after touching contaminated surfaces or changing a diaper.
Avoiding food dyes known to cause red diarrhea can also help to keep this symptom at bay.
When to see a doctor
a lady in bed with a fever
If a person has chills and a fever alongside red diarrhea, they should consults a doctor.
Bloody diarrhea may be a sign of a medical emergency, so a person should see a doctor as soon as possible.

A person should also see a doctor if they have the following symptoms in addition to red diarrhea:

chills
diarrhea that lasts more than 2 weeks
fainting
a fever that is 101°F or higher
severe diarrhea that lasts longer than 2 days
vomiting
pain or cramping that gets worse with time
While diarrhea is not always a cause for concern, severe or persistent bleeding may be a medical emergency.
Anyone who is concerned about their red stool should speak to a doctor as soon as possible.

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How cats could help to treat HIV

Cats are much more than just our four-legged companions; new research now explains how our furry friends could also aid the development of new drugs for HIV.
a gray and white cat
Researchers have deciphered the structure of a protein that causes drug resistance in FIV.
Scientists have now unraveled the 3-D structure of a specific protein in feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) that is also present in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Study authors Akram Alian and Dr. Meytal Galilee — who are from the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology in Haifa — believe that their findings could open the door to new drugs that could tackle drug-resistant HIV-1.

The researchers recently reported their findings in the journal PLOS Pathogens.

HIV is virus that attacks the body's T cells, which are immune cells that help us to stave off infection and disease. HIV-1 is the most common strain of HIV, accounting for around 95 percent of all cases.

It is estimated that around 1.1 million people in the United States are living with HIV. In 2016, there were more than 39,000 new cases of the virus diagnosed in the country.

When HIV first emerged in the 1980s, there was significant fear and stigma surrounding the virus; scientists knew very little about HIV, and there were no treatments for it.


But now, it's a different story; a person with HIV can live a long, healthy life thanks to antiretroviral drugs.

These medications work by reducing levels of HIV in the blood, to the point where the virus can be undetectable. This means that the virus does not impact a person's health and it cannot be passed on to other individuals.

However, not all people with HIV who receive antiretroviral drugs will achieve undetectable blood levels of the virus, and some individuals with HIV may develop resistance to these medications.

With this in mind, scientists are looking to develop new drugs for HIV, and Alian and Dr. Galilee believe that cats may help to meet this need.


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FIV is similar to HIV; it attacks a cat's immune system, making it susceptible to infection. Although FIV and HIV belong to the same group of viruses, FIV cannot be transmitted to humans.

Still, because of the similarities between the two viruses, scientists have been studying FIV as a way to learn more about HIV.

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For this latest study, Alian and Dr. Galilee focused on a protein called "reverse transcriptase." In FIV and HIV, this protein can "copy" the RNA genome of the virus into DNA. This DNA will then be "implanted" into the genome of the host, which causes their cells to replicate the virus.

In FIV, reverse transcriptase is resistant to reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (RTIs), antiretroviral drugs that can block this protein in people with HIV.

There is a concern that HIV could develop the same resistance to these drugs as FIV, but, should this happen, the new study findings may have already found an answer.


Findings may lead to new HIV treatments
Using purification and crystallization techniques, Alian and Dr. Galilee were able to decipher the 3-D structure of the FIV reverse transcriptase protein, which revealed the mechanisms behind the protein's resistance to RTIs.

The team found that reverse transcriptase protein within FIV generates a "closed pocket" that prevents RTIs from effectively binding to it, rendering it resistant to the drugs.

"We further show," say the authors, "that mutating the protein to facilitate binding of the inhibitors does not confer sensitivity to these inhibitors, suggesting that other variances inherent in FIV RT [reverse transcriptase] modulate a second layer of resistance."

They say that their findings may not only lead to new treatments for FIV, but they could pave the way for future HIV treatments, too. The researchers conclude:

"These insights can help in the development of novel drugs against evolving HIV-1 RT resistance."

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Viagra may cut colorectal cancer risk by half

New research, now published in the journal Cancer Prevention Research, suggests that a small dose of the popular male impotence drug Viagra, when administered daily, may significantly reduce the risk of colorectal cancer.

A small daily dose of the erectile dysfunction drug may prove invaluable for treating and preventing colorectal cancer.
The American Cancer Society (ACS) write that colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death among men and women in the United States.

It is the third most commonly diagnosed form of cancer overall; around 1 in 22 men and 1 in 24 women are likely to develop it at some point.

A significant risk factor for developing the illness is a mutation in a gene called the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor. People with an APC genetic mutation might develop hundreds of colorectal polyps, which may eventually result in cancer.

New research uses a mouse model of this genetic mutation to test the effect of sildenafil — which is marketed as the popular erectile dysfunction drug Viagra — on colorectal cancer risk.

The study — led by Dr. Darren D. Browning, a cancer researcher at the Georgia Cancer Center and the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at Augusta University in Georgia — claims that a small daily intake of the drug could cut the number of colorectal tumors by half.

The researchers added sildenafil to the drinking water of mice that had been genetically modified to develop hundreds of polyps — which, in humans, almost always lead to colorectal cancer.

The beneficial mechanism of Viagra
The study found that sildenafil raises levels of a substance called cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), which is an intracellular calcium regulator.

cGMP contributes to the good physiological functioning of smooth muscle cells, pituitary cells, and retinal cells, among others.

As Dr. Browning and colleagues explain in their study, cGMP has also been shown to regulate the homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium, or the layer of cells inside the intestine that forms a physical barrier against foreign substances and bacteria.

Here is our guide on what to eat and what not to eat in order to prevent and treat colorectal cancer.

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The epithelium plays a key role in how our immune system responds to such foreign agents, and in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, the epithelium is inflamed.

In their study, Dr. Browning and team investigated the impact of sildenafil on cGMP because they knew that sildenafil inhibits another substance that has the potential to increase cGMP.

This substance is called phosphodiesterase-5, an enzyme that occurs naturally in colon cells, and in some others. The enzyme can break down cGMP, making more of it available for creating cells that form the protective layer that is the epithelium.

Viagra cuts cancerous polyps by 50 percent
The study revealed that Viagra increased cGMP, which, in turn, suppressed some of the cells that were proliferating in excess in the gut.

A second beneficial effect of the Viagra-boosted cGMP was that it aided the natural process of abnormal cell death and elimination.

"When we give Viagra," explains Dr. Browning, "we shrink the whole proliferating compartment in an area of our body that directly deals with whatever we put in our mouths and normally experiences high cell turnover."

"Proliferating cells are more subject to mutations that cause cancer," he explains.

In the mouse model, small doses of Viagra reduced the formation of polyps by 50 percent. As Dr. Browning says, "Giving a [tiny] dose of Viagra can reduce the amount of tumors in these animals by half."

He adds that the next steps should comprise human clinical trials of the already approved drug, with a focus on people who are already at high risk of colorectal cancer.

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Find Out What Sets State Farm Apart

At first glance, insurance companies probably all look alike. But there's a reason why so many people insure their vehicles through State Farm. Actually, there are several. Check out our long-term financial strength and reliability – Auto Insurance Ratings. State Farm is the largest auto insurance provider in the US.1 Personal service from thousands of local agents. Save Money with Auto Insurance Discounts Want to save money on insurance? We thought you might. Which is why we have a list of potential discounts that make our industry-leading insurance even more competitive. Save a lot when you purchase both car and home policies. Drive Safe & Save™, Steer Clear®, and other discounts for safe drivers. Do you have a car alarm or some other anti-theft device? There's a discount for that, too. Auto Insurance Options That Keep You Covered When it comes to auto insurance, you have plenty of options. Fortunately, we've got thousands of agents who are happy to help you choose the ones that are just right for you! Liability helps pay for vehicle damage and injuries if you're at fault. Collision pays to repair or replace your vehicle if you're in an accident with another car, hit an object, or if your car rolls over. Find out about other State Farm auto insurance options. Let's talk about what's important to you! Schedule an appointment with your State Farm agent and together we can discuss how State Farm can help life go right. Next>>>

Why Bajaj Allianz Car Insurance?

In today's day with a constant increase in the number of cars on the road, it gets very tough to protect your car from unwanted mishaps. High repair costs, coupled with the cost of spare parts, can definitely pinch your pockets, which is why it is essential to have a good Car Insurance or a Package Motor Insurance policy. Bajaj Allianz offers car insurance with a range of covers to choose from. With Bajaj Allianz's innovative and all-round insurance plans and easy vehicle insurance renewals, you get covered with regards to all aspects that an ideal Car Insurance policy should have. On the basis of the plans you opt for, you secure yourself against road accidents, theft, among others along with which you can get cashless settlement at network garages and a lot more! You also get to choose add-on covers of your choice with your Car Insurance policy and with our 24x7 Roadside Assistance facility, help is just a phone call away. Note: This policy is applicable only for private cars. Key Benefits of Bajaj Allianz Car Insurance Avail 24x7 call assistance and SMS updates for claims support, even on holidays Transfer up to 50% of your existing No Claim Bonus (NCB) from any other car insurance provider Cashless claim settlement at over 4000 preferred garages across the country, bringing to you high service standards Receive 75% on account payment facility based on requirement and when liability is above a certain limit Avail 24x7 Roadside Assistance with your Car Insurance policy Get a vehicle tracking and monitoring device with DriveSmart Telematics Service and a host of add-on covers included in it Towing Facility in the event of a vehicle breakdown or an accident Zero Depreciation Cover can be availed as an add-on cover with Car Insurance Note: This premium quote considers the full NCB (No Claim Bonus) and system generated IDV. It is valid only for policies bought online Coverages of our Car Insurance policy Loss or damage to your car due to natural calamities Fire, explosion, self-ignition or lightning, earthquake, flood, typhoon, hurricane, storm, tempest, inundation, cyclone, hailstorm, frost, landslide and rockslide. Loss or damage to your car against man-made calamities Burglary, theft, riot, strike, malicious act, accident by external means, terrorist activity, any damage in transit by road, rail, inland waterway, lift, elevator or air. Personal Accident Cover Coverage of Rs. 2 lakh for the owner-driver of the vehicle while driving or travelling and mounting or dismounting from the Four-wheeler. Optional personal accident covers for Passenger/ Paid Driver/ driver/ Insured are also available Third Party Legal Liability Protection against legal liability due to accidental damages caused to the surrounding property and/ or resulting in permanent injury or death of a person. Add on Covers with your Motor Insurance/Car Insurance policy A Motor Insurance/Car Insurance policy is only complete once it exceeds the satisfaction of providing security and peace of mind, which is why we have introduced add-on covers that will be of use any time you are in a crisis situation. 24x7 Spot Assistance This is a Pan-India cover for car insurance policyholders who need assistance while on the road. This includes providing service for emergencies such as repair of flat tyre, jump start for car battery, legal advice in case of an accident and many more. Lock and key replacement cover In the event of an irrecoverable loss of keys or a security risk arising out of a loss of the same, you will be indemnified for the cost incurred in fitting or purchasing new locks or replacement of keys of the insured vehicle Accident Shield Compensations will be made for total permanent disability or death of occupants (other than a paid driver), which arises out of bodily injury due to an accident that takes place while they are traveling in the insured car Consumable Expenses Cost of consumables such as Engine oil, Gear box oil, Power steering oil, coolant, AC gas oil, Brake oil, etc. that may be incurred while replacing/replenishing the damaged vehicle, following an accident, will be covered by our Car Insurance/Motor insurance policy Conveyance benefit If the insured car is in a workshop following accidental damage and the claim for the same is accepted, the insured would get a 'per day' cash benefit, as per the plan opted by the insured Personal baggage The Insured is indemnified in case of any loss or damage caused to his/her personal baggage kept in their insured vehicle. Damage caused by the covered perils is covered in under Bajaj Allianz's Motor Insurance/Car Insurance policy What is Bajaj Allianz DriveSmart service? Bajaj Allianz is the first to introduce a unique vehicle tracking system in India to its customers, called the DriveSmart Telematics Device. This comes with our Motor Insurance/Car Insurance policy and helps in keeping in check one's driving pattern and behavior, as well as monitoring the condition of their car's engine and battery. Apart from that, it also helps in tracking and locating the vehicle, ensuring complete safety for you and your family. The benefits of opting for DriveSmart with your Car Insurance policy When you purchase a Vehicle Insurance with us, you get to avail several additional benefits when you opt for our DriveSmart service with it, such as: Complete diagnosis of the vehicle: This will help you check the condition of your car's battery and engine Tracking your vehicle: You get to see the last location of your car on a map as well as the location and navigation details of your car. You can also share the location of your car with your friends and family via Whatsapp, SMS and email Monitoring driving patterns: It provides you with a summary of distance travelled in a day, longest trip taken, highest speed reached, braking pattern, speed variance and much more Customization: It allows you to create custom trips and see it on a map, and shares interesting statistics about the route and lets you share your car trips on social media Set and receive important alerts for your car: The device notifies you on over speeding, unauthorized movement of the car or low battery. It sends alerts on PUC date, servicing date, driving license expiry of your car as well. Help and support: You can ask an automobile expert regarding any car related query through the DriveSmart Telematics Device Exclusions you should know about in your Motor Insurance Policy Normal wear and tear and general ageing of the insured vehicle Depreciation or any consequential loss Mechanical/electrical breakdown Wear and tear of consumables like tyres and tubes unless the vehicle is damaged at the same time, in which case the liability of the company shall be limited to 50% of the cost of replacing the damaged part Vehicle used otherwise than limitations as to use Damage by a person driving any vehicle without a valid license Damage by a person driving the vehicle under the influence of drugs or liquor Loss/damage due to war, mutiny or nuclear risk To know more about exclusions in our Car Insurance in India, please refer to the brochure in the tools section above. Car Insurance Claim Process Whether your car has a minor accident or a major breakdown, you would prefer to go for a short and easy Vehicle Insurance claim process rather than a lengthy one; which is why we have minimized it into three simple steps: Register your claim with us You would need to register a claim as soon as possible following the accident/theft of your car. You can do this online by visiting the page here or over the phone by dialing our Toll free number - 1800-209-5858, post which you will be connected to our customer care executive who will guide you through the entire Car Insurance claim process. Please keep the following information handy while registering a claim: Engine and Chassis Number Accident date and time Description and location of the accident Car inspection address Km. reading Police complaint, in case of theft Please note that in case of theft, you would need to file a police complaint as soon as possible, so that when you are registering a claim with us you are able to produce the same, along with the other documents. Send your car for repair, if applicable Whether your car is vandalized, meets with a collision, or gets damaged by some peril, you would need to take it to the garage, if it is in a movable condition, or have it towed there to avoid any further damage. Final step for claim settlement You will have to submit the copies of all the required documents to the garage/dealer who is helping you with your Vehicle Insurance claim and get them verified with the originals. Following which, we will make the payment for the repair directly to the network garage once it is ready to be sent back to you. Do note that you will have to pay the excess amount according to the norms mentioned in your policy that include depreciation amount, salvage etc. which will be informed to you by our surveyor. If the loss is not so severe, we suggest that you avail the spot settlement of Car Insurance claims through Bajaj Allianz Mobile settlement service. Next>>>

Meet the first American TV reporter to wear a hijab on the air.

Some people in her life — even some of her mentors — told her it was an unlikely dream. Tahera Rahman is a trailblazer for hijab-wearing journalists.Courtesy Tahera Rahman Without a doubt, Tahera Rahman will always remember Feb. 8, 2018. That’s the day she gave her first on-air broadcast as a journalist for WHBF, a television station covering the Quad Cities region in Illinois and Iowa. It’s also the day she made history, becoming the first full-time broadcast TV reporter in America to wear a hijab on the air. This Muslim-American woman fulfilled her dream of being a TV reporter Rahman, who lives in Davenport, Iowa, had worked at the station for about two years as a producer, but she had always dreamed of a role in front of the cameras. However, some people in her life — even some of her mentors — told her it was an unlikely dream. America wasn’t ready to see a hijab-wearing news anchor, they said. Rahman was determined to prove them wrong. When an opening came up for an on-air reporting job at WHBF, she leapt at the chance to apply. First hijab-wearing TV reporter Courtesy Tahera Rahman “I knew that I was going to do what it took to be ready for that role; to be the perfect candidate for the job,” Rahman told TODAY Style in an email. After her first, history-making broadcast, messages of support poured in from Muslims and non-Muslims alike around the world. People called Rahman an empowering role model for women and girls. Rahman during her first on-air broadcast for WHBF Courtesy Tahera Rahman “It's been so incredible,” Rahman said. “People from Mexico, Sweden, Eastern Europe telling me that they all stand behind me and are cheering me on … And then people from all over Iowa who have invited me to have dinner with their families and speak with their daughters. Simply incredible. I feel so grateful for all of it.” Unfortunately, Rahman has also received some negative, hateful messages, and even threats. But she is not letting that stop her, and she hopes people will eventually change their views. “I'm sorry they are living with so much hatred in their hearts,” she told TODAY. “I hope that one day they can see me for what I see them: A friendly neighbor who is working hard, just like thousands of other everyday Americans, to achieve their goals and make their communities a better place in some small way.” Now, Rahman has experience on both sides of the camera. Courtesy Tahera Rahman Rahman also hopes her visibility as an on-air reporter will help challenge some common misconceptions about Muslim women who wear hijabs. She wants people to know that just because a woman wears a hijab does not mean she is oppressed in any way. “Oppression is probably the biggest misconception,” she said. “I think many people don't realize that in Islam, although the hijab is something you wear when you come of age, it's also actually forbidden for someone to force you to wear it. It has to be your choice. And if a woman makes that choice, it also doesn't mean she's ‘extreme.’” Rahman shared her story on Megyn Kelly TODAY. Nathan Congleton / TODAY Rahman’s parents have been very supportive of her journalistic ambitions, and when she got discouraged at one point after a series of rejections, her mom was “there to provide a swift kick back to the path,” Rahman said. “They are just as supportive as they were on the first day,” she said. “My parents and brothers get just as excited with every interview request that comes in, every message of support, every story (as) I do.” Since her first broadcast, Rahman’s incredible story has gone viral around the world. She admits all the attention feels “surreal,” but says she is keeping things in perspective. Her main focus is still on her work, and her gratitude for landing her dream job. “It feels perfect," she said. "It feels like I'm doing what I should be doing." Rahman also has a message for other Muslim women and girls with big ambitions. “There's no reason your hijab should be a barrier,” she said.“Just because someone, or multiple people, might tell you so, doesn't make it true.” Next >>>

10 chef secrets: What happens to uneaten bread, what not to order and more.

Does every kitchen really have bugs? What happens to all that extra table bread? And do servers actually hate it when you ask for substitutions? If you think recipes are the only secrets chefs have been keeping from us, think again! Food Network conducted an anonymous survey among professional chefs across the country and convinced them to share dozens of secrets they'll never tell their secret Chefs reveal their 25 best-kept secrets advertisement Here are 10 that we think you need to know: 1. Picky eaters are a pain Want the chicken marsala with peas instead of mushrooms? Hope you also want an annoyed chef, because according to the survey, over 60 percent of chefs said they find substitutions irritating. 2. Pass the bread, please ... to another table Three chefs admitted that uneaten, but possibly handled, bread removed from one table may makes its way to a new table at their restaurants. 3. The 5-second rule You know that unwritten rule that states if you drop food on the floor, it's still OK to eat if you pick it up within five seconds? Well, chefs know it, too, and 25 percent of them said they actually follow it. Good thing we discovered the rule checks out! Bobby Flay: There's no 5-second rule in MY kitchen advertisement 4. What not to order When dining out, most chefs avoid pasta and chicken dishes because they're the "most overpriced" and the "least interesting" options on the menu. 5. Pesky pests Too bad this tidbit didn't remain a secret: Roaches aren't rare in the kitchen. A full 75 percent of those surveyed said they've seen the pests with their own eyes. 6. The special really is special Specials aren't just an effective kitchen clear-out for chefs. Most of those asked said that their specials highlight seasonal ingredients and "experimental" dishes. 7. Vegetarian-ish If you're strictly vegetarian, you should know that your meal might not be. Around 15 percent of the chefs surveyed said their vegetarian meals don't always meet the meat-free standard. Make vegan comfort food: Artichoke garlic bread, cauliflower 'wings' 8. Unsavory behavior Everyone has heard horror stories about chefs getting even with bad customers by doing very bad things to their food behind the kitchen doors. Well, while it does happen, only 13 percent of chefs admit they've actually witnessed that type of bad business. 9. Tip well Across the board, chefs said 20 percent is the amount you should be tipping servers — and that that's what they do when they dine out. 10. Or don't... Well, that's what they usually do. A whopping 90 percent believe it's fair to tip less as a penalty for bad service. Hot News Today>>>

Facebook's data crisis deepens as questions mount

Facebook is facing a crescendo of questions about how its user data came to be harvested for political purposes as investors continue to take fright at the risk the scandal poses to its business. Claims by the New York Times and UK media that Cambridge Analytica tried to influence how Americans voted using information improperly gleaned from 50 million Facebook users have already seriously hurt its brand. The London-based data analysis firm worked on President Donald Trump's campaign. It has denied the claims and says it did not use Facebook data in the 2016 campaign. Facebook will hold a staff meeting Tuesday to address questions about the Cambridge Analytica scandal and the company's policies on data protection, two sources with knowledge of the matter told to CNN. The meeting was first reported by The Verge. An undercover TV report Monday suggesting that Cambridge Analytica was prepared to consider using bribes and entrapment to create videos for clients it could then post to the internet to sway voters is piling on the pressure. Cambridge Analytica says it does not engage in bribery or entrapment and says the Channel 4 News report was a misrepresentation of how the company conducts its business. Facebook says the user data in question was initially properly gathered by a psychology professor, who then passed it to Cambridge Analytica. That breached Facebook's rules ( Cambridge Analytica says it deleted all the data in 2015 when it learned that Facebook rules had been broken. It has agreed to an inspection by Facebook-hired auditors, Facebook said Monday. Facebook (FB) shares suffered their biggest one-day fall in four years on Monday wiping $37 billion off the company's value. They fell again in early trade on Tuesday, dropping 3%. "What matters for this stock, at this time, are the headlines," wrote analysts at Macquarie Capital. Related: What you need to know about Facebook's data debacle Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg hasn't commented publicly since the scandal broke late on Friday. But the questions of data privacy thrown up by the scandal strike at the heart of Facebook's business, which relies on more than 1.4 billion users engaging with the platform each day. Every time they do, they share a bit of information about themselves: what they like, who their friends are, what they want to watch. That data is the product Facebook sells to advertisers who want to target specific customers. If the Cambridge Analytica scandal leads to tougher data protection regulations -- as some policymakers are demanding -- or puts people off sharing as much about themselves online, that could hurt Facebook's revenue, and that of all social media platforms. (Other tech stocks suffered in Monday's sell-off too.) Related: Facebook's Cambridge Analytica auditors stand down at UK request Zuckerberg and other top Facebook executives will be bracing themselves for another rough ride Tuesday. Channel 4 News will broadcast a new report at 3:00 p.m. ET on Cambridge Analytica's work in the United States. Meanwhile, Zuckerberg is facing calls to testify before lawmakers in the United States and United Kingdom. "The American people deserve answers about social media manipulation in the 2016 election," tweeted Senator Mark Warner. Damian Collins, chair of the UK parliament's media committee, requested on Tuesday that the CEO give evidence about Facebook's connection to Cambridge Analytica. UK data protection officials are seeking a warrant to enter Cambridge Analytica's offices in London to inspect its servers and systems. They are also examining Facebook's response to the unauthorized use of its data. "We're looking at whether or not Facebook secured and safeguarded personal information on the platform and whether when they found out about the loss of the data they acted robustly and whether people were informed," Information Commissioner Elizabeth Denham told BBC radio on Tuesday. In a statement on Tuesday, Cambridge Analytica says it has been cooperating with the Information Commissioner's office on a number of matters, including the Facebook data, since early 2017 and offered to share "all the information it has asked for." check also the hot news>>>